Inverters ziri mu itsinda rinini ry'abahindura static, barimo benshi muri iki gihe'ibikoresho bishobora"guhindura"ibipimo by'amashanyarazi mu kwinjira, nka voltage na frequency, kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro ujyanye n'ibisabwa n'umutwaro.

Muri rusange, inverters ni ibikoresho bishobora guhindura umuriro utaziguye ukajyamo umuriro usimburana kandi bikunze gukoreshwa mu bikorwa by’inganda zikora ikoranabuhanga no mu byuma bikoresha amashanyarazi. Imiterere n’imiterere y’ubwoko butandukanye bw’inverters birahinduka bitewe na buri gikorwa cyihariye, nubwo intego nyamukuru yabyo yaba imwe (guhindura DC muri AC).

1. Inverters zigenga kandi zihujwe na Grid

Inverters zikoreshwa mu gukoresha photovoltaic mu mateka zigabanyijemo ibice bibiri by'ingenzi:

:Inverters zigenga

:Inverters zihujwe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi

Inverters zigenga zikoreshwa aho uruganda rwa PV rudahujwe n'umuyoboro mukuru w'ingufu. Inverter ibasha gutanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi ku mitwaro ihujwe, bigatuma ibipimo by'ingenzi by'amashanyarazi (voltage n'inshuro zikoreshwa). Ibi bituma ziguma mu mipaka yagenwe, zikabasha kwihanganira ibihe by'agateganyo byo kurenza urugero. Muri iki gihe, inverter ihuzwa na sisitemu yo kubika batiri kugira ngo irebe ko itanga ingufu zihoraho.

Ku rundi ruhande, inverters zihujwe na grid zishobora guhuza grid y'amashanyarazi zihujweho kuko, muri iki gihe, voltage na frequency ni byo"byashyizweho"n'umuyoboro mukuru. Izi inverters zigomba kuba zishobora gufunga umuyoboro mukuru niba umuyoboro mukuru wananiwe kugira ngo hirindwe ko umuyoboro mukuru wasubira inyuma, bishobora guteza akaga gakomeye.

Ishusho ya 1 - Urugero rwa sisitemu ihoraho na sisitemu ihujwe na Grid. Ishusho yatanzwe na Biblus.

2. Ni uruhe ruhare rwa bisi zitwara abantu

Intego ya inverter ni uguhindura voltage ya DC waveform mo ikimenyetso cya AC kugira ngo ishyire ingufu mu mutwaro (urugero: amashanyarazi) ku murongo runaka kandi ifite inguni nto (φ ≈0). Urusobe rworoheje rw'uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere y'amajwi mu buryo bungana na polar (PWM) rugaragara ku ishusho2 (iyi gahunda rusange ishobora kwaguka ikagera kuri sisitemu y'ibice bitatu). Muri iyi gahunda, sisitemu ya PV, ikora nk'isoko ya voltage ya DC ifite aho ijya, ikorwa nk'ikimenyetso cya AC binyuze mu tumashini tune twa IGBT hamwe na diode zigenga. Izi tumashini zigenzurwa ku irembo binyuze mu kimenyetso cya PWM, ubusanzwe ni umusaruro wa IC ugereranya umuraba w'imodoka (ubusanzwe umuraba wa sine w'umuraba wifuzwa) n'umuraba urebwa ku murambararo uri hejuru cyane (ubusanzwe umuraba wa mpandeshatu kuri 5-20kHz). Umusaruro wa IGBTs ukorwa nk'ikimenyetso cya AC gikwiriye gukoreshwa cyangwa guterwa grid binyuze mu gukoresha topolojia zitandukanye za filters za LC.

Shaka igiciro

Ishusho ya 2: Uburyo bwo guhindura ubugari bwa Pulsed Width Modulation (PWM) mu cyiciro kimweGushyiraho inverter. IGBT switches, hamwe na LC output filter, ihindura DC input signal mo AC signal ikoreshwa. Ibi bitumaamashanyarazi mabi anyura ku miyoboro ya PV. Bisicapacitor ifite ingano kugira ngo igabanye iyi ripple.

Imikorere ya IGBTs ishyira voltage ya ripple kuri terminal ya PV array. Iyi ripple ibangamira imikorere ya sisitemu ya PV, kubera ko voltage nominal ikoreshwa kuri terminals igomba gufatirwa kuri max power point (MPP) ya IV curve kugira ngo ikuremo ingufu nyinshi. Voltage ripple kuri terminals za PV izatuma ingufu zikururwa muri sisitemu zizunguruka, bigatuma

ingufu nkeya zisohoka (Ishusho ya 3). Capacitor yongerwa kuri bisi kugira ngo ifashe umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi.

Ishusho ya 3: Ingufu z'amashanyarazi zishyirwa ku miyoboro ya PV na gahunda ya PWM inverter zihindura ingufu zikoreshwa ku ngufu zikomeye (MPP) z'urutonde rwa PV. Ibi bitanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi ku buryo ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikoreshwa ziba nkeya ugereranyije na MPP.

Ubwinshi bw'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi (kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera) bugenwa n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, voltage ya PV, capacitance ya bisi, na inductance ya filter hakurikijwe ibi bikurikira:

aho:

VPV ni voltage ya DC y'ingufu z'izuba,

Cbus ni ubushobozi bwa capacitor ya bisi,

L ni uburyo bwo gukurura ibintu biyungurura,

fPWM ni inshuro yo guhinduranya.

Ikigereranyo (1) gikoreshwa kuri capacitor nziza ibuza umuriro gutembera muri capacitor mu gihe cyo gushyushya hanyuma igasohora ingufu ziri mu murima w'amashanyarazi nta resistance. Mu by'ukuri, nta capacitor ikwiriye (Ishusho ya 4) ariko igizwe n'ibintu byinshi. Uretse capacitance ikwiye, dielectric ntabwo irwanya neza kandi umuyoboro muto uva kuri anode ujya muri cathode unyuze kuri resistance ya finite shunt (Rsh), ukanyura kuri capacitance ya dielectric (C). Iyo umuyoboro unyuze muri capacitor urimo gutemba, pins, foils, na dielectric ntibikora neza kandi hariho resistance ihwanye na serivise (ESR) mu buryo bukurikiranye hamwe na capacitance. Amaherezo, capacitor ibika ingufu zimwe mu butaka bwa rukuruzi, bityo hakabaho equivalent series inductance (ESL) mu buryo bukurikiranye hamwe na capacitance na ESR.

Ishusho ya 4: Urugendo rw'umuyoboro wa capacitor rusange. Umuyoboro wa capacitor niigizwe n'ibintu byinshi bitari byiza, harimo capacitance ya dielectric (C), resistance idashira ya shunt inyura muri dielectric inyura kuri capacitor, resistance ya series (ESR), na series inductance (ESL).

Ndetse no mu gice gisa n'aho cyoroshye nka capacitor, hari ibintu byinshi bishobora kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika. Buri kimwe muri ibi bintu gishobora kugira ingaruka ku myitwarire ya inverter, haba ku mpande za AC na DC. Kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka zo kwangirika kw'ibice bya capacitor bitari byiza bigira ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi winjijwe ku miyoboro ya PV, inverter ya PWM unipolar H-bridge (Ishusho ya 2) yakozwe hifashishijwe SPICE. Capacitors za filter na inductors bifatwa kuri 250µF na 20mH, uko bikurikirana. Modeli za SPICE kuri IGBTs zikomoka ku murimo wa Petrie et al. Ikimenyetso cya PWM, kigenzura switches za IGBT, kigenwa na circuit ya comparator na inverting comparator kuri switches za IGBT zo hejuru n'izo hasi, uko bikurikirana. Input ya PWM controls ni wave ya 9.5V, 60Hz sine carrier wave na wave ya 10V, 10kHz triangular wave.