Inverters ni itsinda rinini ryabahinduye static, zirimo benshi muri iki gihe's ibikoresho“guhindura”ibipimo by'amashanyarazi mubyinjijwe, nka voltage na frequency, kugirango bibyare umusaruro ujyanye nibisabwa n'umutwaro.

Muri rusange, inverters ni ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura amashanyarazi mu buryo butandukanye kandi biramenyerewe cyane mubikorwa byo gutangiza inganda no gutwara amashanyarazi.Ubwubatsi nigishushanyo cyubwoko butandukanye bwa inverter ihinduka ukurikije buri progaramu yihariye, niyo intandaro yintego yabo nyamukuru ari imwe (DC ihinduka AC).

1.Standalone na Grid-Ihuza Inverters

Inverter zikoreshwa muma fotokoltaque zigabanijwe mumateka mubice bibiri byingenzi:

:Inverter

:Imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro

Inverteri ya standalone ni ya porogaramu aho uruganda rwa PV rudahujwe numuyoboro nyamukuru wo gukwirakwiza ingufu.Inverter ishoboye gutanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi kumitwaro ihujwe, ikemeza ihame ryibintu nyamukuru byamashanyarazi (voltage na frequency).Ibi bikomeza kurenza urugero rwateganijwe, rushobora kwihanganira ibihe birenze urugero.Muri ibi bihe, inverter ihujwe na sisitemu yo kubika bateri kugirango harebwe ingufu zihoraho.

Imiyoboro ihujwe na gride, kurundi ruhande, irashobora guhuza na gride y'amashanyarazi bahuza kuko, muriki gihe, voltage na frequency biri“yashyizweho”na gride nkuru.Izi inverter zigomba gushobora guhagarika niba gride nkuru yananiwe kugirango hirindwe ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gishobora gutangwa na gride nkuru, ishobora kwerekana akaga gakomeye.

Igishushanyo 1 - Urugero rwa sisitemu ya standalone na sisitemu ihuza imiyoboro.Ishusho tuyikesha Biblus.

2.Ni uruhe ruhare rwa bisi ya bisi

Intego ya inverter nuguhindura imbaraga za DC yumurongo wa DC mubimenyetso bya AC kugirango ushiremo imbaraga mumitwaro (urugero: umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi) kumurongo runaka kandi ufite inguni ntoya (φ ≈0).Inzira yoroshye kumurongo umwe unipolar Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) irerekanwa mumashusho2 (gahunda imwe rusange irashobora kwagurwa kugeza kuri sisitemu eshatu).Muri iki gishushanyo, sisitemu ya PV, ikora nkisoko ya DC ya voltage hamwe nisoko zimwe na zimwe, byakozwe mubimenyetso bya AC binyuze mumashanyarazi ane ya IGBT abangikanye na diode yubusa.Ihinduramatwara igenzurwa ku irembo binyuze mu kimenyetso cya PWM, ubusanzwe ni ibisohoka muri IC igereranya umuraba wabatwara (mubisanzwe umurongo wa sine wumurongo wifuzwa usohoka) hamwe numuyoboro werekeza kumurongo mwinshi cyane (mubisanzwe umuraba wa mpandeshatu) kuri 5-20kHz).Ibisohoka bya IGBTs byakozwe mubimenyetso bya AC bibereye gukoreshwa cyangwa gutera inshinge binyuze mugukoresha topologiya zitandukanye za LC muyunguruzi.

Shaka Amagambo

Igishushanyo 2: Gusunika Ubugari Bwagutse (PWM) icyiciro kimweinverter.IGBT ihindura, hamwe na LC isohoka muyunguruzi, shiraho ibimenyetso byinjira DC mubimenyetso bya AC byakoreshwa.Ibi bitera agusiba imbaraga za voltage zinyura hejuru ya PV.Bisicapacitor ifite ubunini murwego rwo kugabanya iyi mpanuka.

Imikorere ya IGBTs itangiza imbaraga za ripple kuri terminal ya PV array.Iyi mpinduramatwara isobanura imikorere ya sisitemu ya PV, kubera ko voltage nominal ikoreshwa kuri terminal igomba kuba kuri point power power (MPP) yumurongo wa IV kugirango ikuremo ingufu nyinshi.Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi kuri terminal ya PV uzunguruka imbaraga zivuye muri sisitemu, bikavamo

impuzandengo yo hasi yingufu zisohoka (Ishusho 3).Imashini yongewe kuri bisi kugirango igabanye imbaraga za voltage.

Igishushanyo cya 3: Umuvuduko wa voltage winjijwe kuri PV ya terefone na gahunda ya PWM inverter gahunda ihindura voltage ikoreshwa kuri power power point (MPP) ya PV array.Ibi bizana impagarara mumashanyarazi asohoka kuburyo impuzandengo isohoka imbaraga iri munsi ya MPP

Amplitude (peak to peak) ya voltage ripple igenwa ninshuro yo guhinduranya, voltage ya PV, ubushobozi bwa bisi, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwa filteri ukurikije:

aho:

VPV ni imirasire y'izuba DC voltage,

Cbus nubushobozi bwa bus bus,

L ni inductance ya filteri yungurura,

fPWM ninshuro yo guhinduranya.

Ikigereranyo (1) kirakoreshwa kuri capacitori nziza ibuza kwishyuza kunyura muri capacitori mugihe cyo kwishyuza hanyuma ikarekura ingufu ziri mumashanyarazi nta kurwanywa.Mubyukuri, nta capacitori nziza (Igishusho 4) ariko igizwe nibintu byinshi.Usibye ubushobozi bwiza, dielectric ntabwo irwanya neza kandi numuyoboro muto utemba uva kuri anode ujya kuri cathode hamwe na anti-shunt (Rsh), ukarenga ubushobozi bwa dielectric (C).Iyo umuyoboro unyuze muri capacitori urimo gutemba, pin, file, na dielectric ntabwo bikora neza kandi hariho urukurikirane ruringaniza (ESR) mukurikirane hamwe na capacitance.Ubwanyuma, capacitor ibika imbaraga mumashanyarazi, nuko hariho urukurikirane rwingana (ESL) murukurikirane hamwe na capacitance na ESR.

Igishushanyo 4: Inzira zingana zingana na capacitori rusange.Ubushobozi niigizwe nibintu byinshi bidakwiriye, harimo ubushobozi bwa dielectric capacitance (C), kutagira umupaka utagira umupaka ukoresheje dielectric irenga capacitor, kurwanya urukurikirane (ESR), hamwe na inductance (ESL).

Ndetse no mubice bisa nkibyoroshye nka capacitor, hariho ibintu byinshi bishobora kunanirwa cyangwa gutesha agaciro.Buri kimwe muri ibyo bintu gishobora kugira ingaruka ku myitwarire ya inverter, haba ku mpande za AC na DC.Kugirango hamenyekane ingaruka zo kwangirika kwibikoresho bya capacitori bitari byiza bifite kuri voltage ripple yatangijwe kumurongo wa PV, inverter ya PWM unipolar H-ikiraro (Ishusho 2) yigana ikoresheje SPICE.Akayunguruzo ka capacitori na inductor bifatwa kuri 250µF na 20mH.Moderi ya SPICE ya IGBTs ikomoka kumurimo wa Petrie nabandi. Ikimenyetso cya PWM, kigenzura imiyoboro ya IGBT, kigenwa nuwagereranya kandi uhinduranya umuzunguruko ugereranije na IGBT yo hejuru kandi yo hepfo.Iyinjiza kubugenzuzi bwa PWM ni 9.5V, 60Hz ya sine yikwirakwiza hamwe na 10V, 10kHz ya mpandeshatu.